The Distance Formula

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Students apply their knowledge of the Pythagorean Theorem and Circles of Evaluation to develop a function for the distance formula.

Prerequisites

Piecewise Functions

Relevant Standards

Select one or more standards from the menu on the left (⌘-click on Mac, Ctrl-click elsewhere).

Common Core Math Standards

6.EE.B.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set.
7.EE.B: Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
8.G.B: Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem.
8.G.B.7: Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.
8.G.B.8: Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.
MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively
MP.3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others

CSTA Standards

2-AP-11: Create clearly named variables that represent different data types and perform operations on their values.
2-AP-17: Systematically test and refine programs using a range of test cases
2-AP-19: Document programs in order to make them easier to follow, test, and debug.
3B-AP-14: Construct solutions to problems using student-created components, such as procedures, modules and/or objects.
3B-AP-21: Develop and use a series of test cases to verify that a program performs according to its design specifications.

Oklahoma Standards

OK.PA.GM.1.2: Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between any two points in a coordinate plane.

Lesson Goals

Students will be able to:

Explain how the distance formula is related to the Pythagorean theorem.
Write a function for the distance formula.

Student-Facing Lesson Goals

I can explain how the distance formula is connected to the Pythagorean theorem.
I can write a function that takes in 2 points and returns the distance between them.

Materials

Supplemental Resources

This short video introduces viewers to the nearly 4000 year old Babylonian tablet known as Plimpton 322, which contains a table of Pythagorean Triples that long predates Pythagoras, as well as to Babylonians use of the base 60 system.

Preparation

Make sure all materials have been gathered
Decide how students will be grouped in pairs

Key Points for the Facilitator

The distance formula is an excellent review of Circles of Evaluation. Have students work out the expression in small groups to foster discussion.

Language Table

Types

Functions

Values

Number

+, -, *, /, expt, sqr, sqrt

4, -1.2, 2/3, pi

String

string-length, string-repeat, string-contains?

"hello", "91"

Boolean

<, >, <>, <=, >=, string-equal, string<?, string>?, string=?, string<>?, string>=?, and, or

true, false

Image

star, triangle, circle, square, rectangle, rhombus, ellipse, regular-polygon, radial-star, text, overlay, above, beside, rotate, scale, flip-horizontal, flip-vertical

🔵🔺🔶

Click here to see the prior unit-based version

Glossary

circle of evaluation: a 'sentence diagram' of the structure of a mathematical expression
coordinate: a number or set of numbers describing an object’s location
interactions area: the right-most text box in the Editor, where expressions are entered to evaluate

🔗Distance in 1 Dimension 15 minutes

Overview

Students discover the need for distance calculation (first in one dimension, then in two) in video games.

Launch

Students should have their workbook, pencil, and be logged into WeScheme on their computer.

Open your saved Game File, which should have the Target and Danger moving on their own. Your Player should respond to keypresses, and the Target and Danger should re-appear after they leave the screen. It’s almost fully-playable!

What seems to be missing from this game?

The characters aren’t doing anything when they collide.
What does it mean for characters to 'hit' one another? To collide?

They have to be close enough to touch.
How will the computer know when the characters have collided?

When the coordinates of the characters are really close to each other.

🖼Show image

Scroll down to the distances-color definition (look for ; 4. Collisions in the file). Right now this value is defined to be the empty string "". Change this to a color that will show up on your background, and click "Run".

This setting will draw lines from your Player to each of the other characters, and then use those lines as the hypotenuse of right triangles!

The legs of these triangles show the distance in 1 dimension each (on the x- and y-axis). How is this calculated?

Role-Play: Ask a volunteer to help role-play two characters colliding!

Identify a "number line" on the floor (this can be done just by pointing, or with a visual aid).
Make sure that you and your volunteer stand with feet as close together as possible, representing the infinitely small point that identifies your center.
Raise your arms to form a "T shape", representing the outer edges of the characters.
Emphasize that this represents one dimension (perhaps the x- or y-axis).
With the volunteer, stand about 10 steps away from one another and side-step towards each other one step at a time, while asking the class, "True or False? We are colliding!" Be sure to only accept "true" and "false" as responses - not "yes" and "no"!
Ask the class how far apart you and your volunteer are, and then ask them how they would calculate this if you were standing on a number line and they could see the actual coordinates under your feet.
After a few iterations, try switching places and repeating. Point out that students always subtract the smaller number from the larger one, regardless of the character order!
Do this until students can clearly see it’s when the two characters are 'touching' or 'overlapping' in some way - NOT when they are 'at the same point.'

Investigate

Let’s explore how the program computes the length of these lines…

Have students find the line-length function in their game files, click Run, and practice using it the Interactions area with different values for a and b.

Extension

line-length is essentially the way students conceptualize distance in one dimension.

You can extend this line-length activity into a lesson on absolute value and have students program line-length themselves. Computing 1-dimensional distance - and absolute value - are in fact piecewise functions!

What does this function do?
Why does it use conditionals?

Synthesize

Make absolutely certain that students understand that this function always returns the positive distance between two points on a number line.

What if we have points that are not on the same line? What if instead they differ by both the x- and y-coordinate?

🔗Distance in 2 Dimensions 30 minutes

Overview

Students extend their understanding of distance from one dimension to two, using a geometric proof of the Pythagorean Theorem to compute the distance between two points.

Launch

🖼Show image Bring your volunteer (or choose a different one!) back up to the front of the class, and have them squat down on the floor to represent a difference in the y-coordinate between the player and a character. Repeat the role-play activity.

Suppose the Player is at (0, 4), and another game character is at (3, 0). Now there is a difference in both dimensions. How could we calculate distance now?

Computing the distance in 1-dimension is great, as long as the Player and Danger have the same x- or y-coordinate. In that case, the difference between the coordinates is exactly the distance between the two characters. But how do we compute the distance between two points when both the x- and y-coordinates are different?

Have students watch video of this problem [Credit: Tova Brown], and try explaining the proof to one another. In our case, the lengths A and B are computed by the line-length function we already have!

Have students write code to find the distance between these game characters Writing Code to Calculate Missing Lengths (Page 84).

Students learn early on that distance in 1-dimension is computed via $\displaystyle \lvert x_2 - x_1 \rvert$ , and that distance is always a positive value. The Pythagorean Theorem teaches students that the length of the hypotenuse is computed based on the distance in the x- and y-dimension. However, most math textbooks show the distance formula without connecting back to that formula:

$\displaystyle \sqrt{{(x_2 - x_1)}^2 + {(y_2 - y_1)}^2}$

A student who asks whether it’s a problem when $\displaystyle x_2 - x_1$ is negative is displaying a deep understanding of what’s going on. Unfortunately, the response to this student relies on a computational artifact of squaring to force a number to be positive (rather than the purpose of squaring in the Pythagorean Theorem). Using the line-length function explicitly connects the distance formula back to the 1-dimensional distance students know, allowing them to apply prior knowledge and better connecting back to the Pythagorean Theorem itself. This effectively rewrites the distance formula as:

$\displaystyle \sqrt{{\lvert x_2 - x_1 \rvert}^2 + {\lvert y_2 - y_1 \rvert}^2}$

Investigate

Turn to Distance on the Coordinate Plane (Page 85) and look at how line-length is used in the code. See if you can figure out how to write the code for the second problem.

Turn to The Distance Between (0, 2) and (4, 5) (Page 86) in your student workbook. Convert this expression to a Circle of Evaluation, and then to code.

Optional: Have students use this Multiple Representations: Distance between two points (Page 87) to model the distance formula for these coordinates with the Circles of Evaluation.

Practice computing the distance between two different points, by completing Distance From Game Coordinates (Page 88).

Optional: Have students complete another pair of these problems using Distance From Game Coordinates 2

Debrief these workbook pages - or have students pair-and-share - before moving on to writing the full distance function.

Using Distance (px, py) to (cx, cy) (Page 89), write a function that takes in two pairs (four numbers) of two characters ( $\displaystyle x_1, y_1$ ) and ( $\displaystyle x_2, y_2$ ) and returns the distance between those two points. HINT: the code you wrote in The Distance Between (0, 2) and (4, 5) (Page 86) can be used to give you your first example!

Students can test their distance function using Pythagorean triples, such as (3, 4, 5) or (5, 12, 13), to make sure the function is calculating the distance correctly. Finally, students fix the broken distance function in their game files. When they click "Run", the right triangles will appear with proper distances for the hypotenuse.

If we knew the lengths of the hypotenuse and one leg of the triangle, could we use the formula $\displaystyle A^2 + B^2 = C^2$ to compute the length of the other leg?

Take a look at the two examples on Comparing Code: Finding Missing Distances (Page 90). There’s a subtle difference between the two examples! What is it? Can you explain why they need to be written differently?

Common Misconceptions

It is extremely common for students to put variables in the wrong order. In other words, their program looks like …(sqrt (+ (sqr (line-length x1 y1)) (sqr (line-length x2 y2))))… instead of …(sqrt (+ (sqr (line-length x2 x1)) (sqr (line-length y2 y1))))…

In this situation, remind students to look back at what they circled and labeled in the examples step. This is why we label!

These materials were developed partly through support of the National Science Foundation, (awards 1042210, 1535276, 1648684, and 1738598). Bootstrap:Algebra by the Bootstrap Community is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Unported License. This license does not grant permission to run training or professional development. Offering training or professional development with materials substantially derived from Bootstrap must be approved in writing by a Bootstrap Director. Permissions beyond the scope of this license, such as to run training, may be available by contacting contact@BootstrapWorld.org.